The aim of present study was to investigate the phytochemical screening, acute toxicity and some pharmacological activities of ethanolic extract 70 % and 99.9% of apricot seeds. The phytochemical screening was done for determination of total phenolic compounds by Folin–Ciocalteu method, total flavonoids by aluminum chloride colorimetric method and total carotenoids by colorimetric method. The acute toxicity was done for determination of LD50 in mice by oral administration of upgraded doses of the extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity was done in vivo by formalin-induced paw edema in rats. The analgesic activity was carried out in mice by writhing test and hot plate method. Phytochemical screening revealed that the amount of total phenolic compounds was 179.4 and 191.2 µg gallic acid equivalent / g dry extract and the amount of total flavonoids was 226.18 and 509.34 µg rutin equivalent / g dry extract and the amount of total carotenoids was 0.145 and 0.156 mg/g dry extract for 70 % and 99.9% ethanolic extract, respectively. The acute toxicity revealed that both extracts had no toxic symptoms in rats and no mortalities appear by upgraded doses of 1 g to 10 g / kg b.wt. The 70% and 99.9% ethanolic extracts exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activites in a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. of both extracts. These results suggest that apricot seed extracts contain significant level of safe non-toxic phytochemical substances that have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementing diet with different garlic powder concentrations (300 and 600gm/Ton) on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality (fat %) of Muscovy ducks exposed to different stocking densities; standard stocking density (4 birds/m2) and high stocking density (8 birds/m2). A total number of 180 one -day -old Muscovy ducklings were used in this experiment. Birds were randomly allocated into 18 symmetrical pens classified into 6 treatment groups (3 replicate / treatment). Groups (C, SS+G300, SS+G600) raised on standard stocking density and fed on basal diet supplemented with (0 , 300 and 600 g. garlic powder,/ton feed ) respectively while groups (HS, HS+G300, HS+G600) raised on high stocking density and fed on basal diet supplemented with (0 , 300 and 600 g. garlic powder/ton feed) respectively. The data of growth performance indicated that supplementation of garlic (600 gm / ton) significantly (p > 0.05) improved performance (body weight gain and FCR ) of ducks in standard stocking density (SS+G600) group and high stocking density in (HS+G600) group. Concerning carcass characteristic and meat quality, results indicated that, garlic supplementation reduced fat % in thigh and breast muscles. It can be concluded that, adding garlic powder to duck ration can effectively compensate the negative effects of the high stocking density in Muscovy ducks.

This study was established in order to investigate the effect of feeding of germanium biotite (GB) on the immune response of vaccinated calves to FMD trivalent oil vaccine. The study was carried out on two levels: an experimental level followed by field application level. Experimental level applied on 30 calves divided into six groups where group (1) was vaccinated with the trivalent oil FMD vaccine only while groups (2, 3, 4 and 5) were fed two weeks pre vaccination with 1, 2, 3 and 4 gram/100kgm body weight germanium biotite (% B.wt. GB) respectively and group (6) was left as a negative control group. The humoral response of calves were determined by serum neutralization test (SNT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while the cellular immune response were detected by lymphocyte blastogenesis assay, phagocytic activity beside estimation the level of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-12. The protective antibody titer in the non-fed vaccinated group and the 1% B.wt. GB feed group extend till 32 weeks post vaccination, while in the 2% B.wt. GB feed group it was extended to 34 week post vaccination. The longest immune duration was achieved in the 3 and 4% B.wt. GB feed group as the protective antibodies extended till 36 week post vaccination. The results of cellular immunity showed the peak of lymphocyte blastogenesis and IL-6 appear earlier at 7 day post vaccination in 3% and 4% B.wt. GB feed groups than the other groups, the phagocytic percentage, phagocytic index and IL-12 peak was achieved earlier at 14 days post vaccination in 3% and 4% B.wt. GB feed groups than the other groups. There is no difference between the 3% and 4% B.wt. GB feeding groups. Field application on 50 calves feed on 3% B.wt. GB 2 weeks before vaccination with trivalent FMD oil vaccine confirm the above results. So it could be concluded that ingestion of GB has a potentiate effect on the immune response of cattle to the trivalent oil FMD vaccine providing high protective antibody levels of rapid onset and long duration when administrated 2 week pre-vaccination with a concentration 3% B.wt. GB.

This study was conducted to assess an inactivated vaccine prepared from local field isolates of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) "local variant and virulent isolates" and a classical strain "bursa vacc" to improve the full control over the problem of IBD in Egypt. This experiment applied on 21 day old SPF chicks divided into six groups, the first group was vaccinated with inactivated vaccine containing (local variant isolate, classical bursa vacc strain and virulent isolate), the second group was vaccinated with inactivated vaccine containing (classical bursa vacc strain and local variant isolate), the third group was vaccinated with classical bursa vacc vaccine, and the group 4 vaccinated with local variant isolate vaccine while last two groups were left as a positive and negative control groups. The immune response of chicks was evaluated in vitro by measuring serum neutralization test (SNT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in vivo by challenging birds with 103.5 EID50/ dose of virulent virus of infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV).The highest average antibody level was obtained at the 4th week post vaccination in chicks in group 1 vaccinated with (local variant isolate, classical bursa vacc and local virulent isolate) vaccine, while the chicks in group 3 vaccinated with bursa vacc vaccine showed the lowest antibody level at the same week post vaccination using SNT and ELISA. The challenge of group 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed protection of 97.5%, 90%, 75% and 90% respectively using very virulent IBDV 28 day post vaccination with no clinical signs or lesions on examination. It was concluded that we can use an inactivated vaccine prepared from (classical strain "bursa vacc" and local variant and virulent isolates) of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) virus as a method for control IBD disease in Egypt.

The anesthetic efficacies of natural anesthetic (clove) in forms of powder were evaluated on young common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the mean weight of 60±10 g for handling and health management experiments. These works were conducted in the laboratory of fish research in the Department of Animal Science, Collage of Agricultural Sciences at University of Sulaimani. Safety concentrations of anesthetics type and concentration were assessed by using form of clove (powder); each with three replicates within each replicate five fish used for measuring induction times to anesthesia. The induction time of C. carpio which decrease with increasing concentrations of clove powder, the induction time was less than three minutes for a dose of 400 mg/L, with significant different (P<0.05) from the other dosages. As the concentrations of clove powder increased the ventilation rate in stage I, II and III of anesthesia and recovery increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the control. There were no mortalities at any of the temperatures or concentrations, 24 hours after recovery. In stage I, II and III of recovery, all three concentrations of clove powder with normal temperature degree showed lower ventilation rate compared to other groups. The lowest cortisol level of anesthesia was found in the low temperature degree with 300 mg/L of clove powder. The lowest and the highest sugar levels were found in low temperature degree with 300 and 400mg/ L of clove powder, respectively. Clove powder of 200 mg/L with normal temperature degree showed the lowest level of red blood cell.